Journal Aims: The Journal of Environmental Sciences (JOES) is devoted to the publication of papers, which advance knowledge on the theoretical and practical aspects of the natural and built environment. The aims of the journal are: to provide an avenue for the dissemination of academic research findings dealing with environmental problems, planning and development; to provide opportunity for increasing and making available relevant data and information on natural and built environmental conditions /problems and advancing effective management solutions to them with special reference to Nigeria; and to provide a forum for meaningful discussions and debates between academics and field practitioners in the natural and built environment. The Journal will therefore accept for publication results of original research in all aspects of both the natural and built environment. It will also accept for publication book reviews, comments and letters, well-written research and practice notes, and short communications on any aspects of the environment. Copyright policy: The journal of enviornmental sciences (JOES) allows the author(s) to hold the copyright, and to retain publishing rights without any restrictions. Open access: The journal is an Open Access journal. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles under the following conditions: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ For more information: This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Plagiarism: The journal has a strict policy against plagiarism. All submitted manuscripts are checked for plagiarism using professional plagiarism-checking software. Submitted manuscripts with an unacceptable similarity index resulting from plagiarism are rejected immediately.
Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Jos Nigeria
A Roadmap for Inclusive and Sustainable Human Settlements: A General Xray
Human settlements are fragmentations of different groups of people being classified along the lines of gender, income, religion, ethnicity, the rich, the poor, etc. Policy and decision makers often make the mistake of excluding some sets of people, the marginalized, the less privileged and the vulnerable among others in planning and decision making. The paper provides a general overview on theoretical perspectives on the dimensions of social inclusion/exclusion and exploring the landscape of inclusiveness generally with reference to some isolated cases in Nigeria. The study specific are to understand the dimension of social inclusion and exclusion, identify the landscape of inclusion and exclusion, establish the key groups to be included and how to enhance social inclusion of all groups of people in the society that will encouraged sustainable human settlements generally. The study adopted a desktop analysis approach by the x-ray of pertinent literature together with reports from United Nations among others to give a general overview on inclusive human settlement. The dimensions of social inclusion and exclusion from literatures were found to be diverse. The landscape of inclusion and exclusion include poverty, employment and sustainable development of human settlement. The identified key groups to be considered in social inclusion are women, youths, older people and migrants. And five steps for promoting social inclusion were identified. The key recommendations include, addressing challenges posed by discriminations, ethnicity, etc, through fostering gender equality, support for the integration of migrants, employing best practices in stakeholder engagements and strengthening the relationship of stakeholders as key participants in the constant evolution of human settlements among others as provided in the literature
Copyright (c) 2024 Hassan Y. TIFWA, Olutoyin AYINDE, Davidson S. A. ALACI ALACI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Revitalizing Neighbourhoods Through Household Enterprises: A Replanning Strategy for Nigerian Cities
The relationship between the home environment and economic activities has not been fully appreciated in housing studies despite the UN-Habitat and the draft National Housing Policy (2012) of Nigeria that encourage operations of enterprises especially in low income housing development. It is against this backdrop that this research established the significance of enterprises in households and neighbourhoods in formal housing. Adopting a case study approach in Lokoja urban area in Nigeria, this study is aimed at creating productive households with capacity to revitalize neighbourhoods without compromising planning standards. Efforts were made to measure the extent of the relationship between enterprise location and satisfaction derivatives of operators, the implications of current household entrepreneurial practices on neighbourhoods and applying suitable best planning approaches that can accommodate enterprise in neighbourhoods. Entrepreneurs’ life satisfaction variables and workplace measurements were carried out to determine the level of satisfaction and compliance to extant physical planning standards respectively. A structural equation modelling of the life satisfaction variables shows satisfactory goodness of fit among accepted determinants of the model. however, a descriptive analysis of the qualitative study on the location of enterprises revealed that 49.6% operators are found in locations that contravene planning regulations. Neighbourhoods’ rehabilitation strategies to accommodate alternative workplace locations close to the homes were recommended.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adams Ndalai BABA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Sustaining Ethical Standard among Building Contractors in Nigeria
Building contractors play important role in the implementation of public building projects for the benefit and growth of the country. These contractors usually performed below expectations due to many challenges they encountered while performing their roles in the industry. The aim of this study is to identify the strategies that will sustain ethical standard among building contractors in Nigeria. This study used quantitative research method and questionnaires were used to obtain relevant information from the contractors and professionals involved directly in the implementation of public construction projects in the country. 231 respondents from the client organization, consultancy firms and contractors participated in the study. The results showed that transparency and accountability in contract administration, hiring right personnel and adhering to legislative laws that spell out punishment for any unethical practice are the three main strategies that could ensure ethical standard among the building contractors. It is recommended that the participants in the public building projects should implement these measures for better government projects development and delivery.
Copyright (c) 2024 Afeez Olalekan SANNI, Wasiu Adeniran BELLO, Isaac Ali BOBAI, John Rwang BWARAK, Miriam PAM , Ezekiel Agah RUGU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Paths to Mixed-Function for Sustainable Development of Peri-Urban Settlement of Kabuga Kano, Nigeria.
Over the past years Kano metropolis and it peri-urban settlement has constantly being urbanized with path to mixed-functions development of emerging high density vertical architecture of public buildings which by location has enhance and induce proper sustainable urban smart growth and renewal that has taken the center stage to improvement of the socio-economic activities of the built environment at the detriment of land-use conversion as a consequence of urban planning. The paper aimed at assessing mixed-function development in Kabuga and its peri-urban fringe environs. The study comprised of two stages- the first phase collected data from respondents using questionnaires to rate their level of satisfaction with key aspects of the predominance conversion of mixed-function development types, direction of predominant development conversion and implication, while the second phase collected data based on non-participant observation schedule and several field survey that dwelt on the appraisal of the effectiveness of mixed- function development. Data were collected and analyses using descriptive and inferential statistics and were presented. using mean weighted score (MWS) as an indicator and scoring system criteria derived based on likert –type scale 1-5 to measured respondent’s degree of satisfaction significance and standard deviation (STD) rank on their Relative Importance Index (RII). The study concludes by recommending ways to ensure orderly development of the study area in order to sustain and improve its serviceability that will enhance effective development mechanism and eventually create a conducive living, working and recreating and environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mathew Okopi Unah, Sani Muhammad ALI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Exploring Theoretical Framework: Propensity of Nigerian Indigenous Construction Firms for Expansion into the International Market
Expansion of firms into the International Construction Market (ICM) is a well-established area of research in international construction literature. However, in Nigeria studies were mainly on the plight of Nigerian Indigenous Construction Firms (NICFs) and the dominance of the Nigerian construction industry by Multinational Corporations (MNCs). It is a matter of concern that there is no known study that explored the internationalisation of NICFs with a view to integrating NICFs into the ICM in view of the benefits which include prestige, opportunity for growth, increased profits, risk sharing among others. This paper presents a theoretical framework for expansion of NICFs into the ICM with a view to integrating NICFs into the ICM. The paper used the literature review approach and content analysis for the study and adopted three independent but interrelated theories; the Resource based view theory, the Network theory, and the Institutional theory to explain the internationalisation of NICFs, and to develop the theoretical framework. The research has implications on theory, policy and practice: It will elicit government’s support towards policy formulation on internationalisation and positively influence managers of NICFs to strategically consider expansion of NICFs into the ICM. It will also stimulate further research into this important area in Nigeria and the Diaspora.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohammed Isa YUSUF, Natalia A. ANIGBOGU, Audu Ibrahim Isa DAKAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Developing a Conceptual Framework for Assessing Community-Based Thrifts for Self-Help Housing Projects in Bauchi State, North East Nigeria
The development of conceptual framework has become a necessary component of postgraduate studies especially in the built environment and allied disciplines. However, the development of such frameworks is highly challenging to postgraduate students, upcoming researchers and supervisors. This paper attempts at presenting a generic process for developing a conceptual framework for postgraduate studies in the built environment using thrift associations for self-help housing. The study therefore presents a conceptual framework for assessing the suitability of community-based thrifts for self-help housing. Being ongoing doctoral research, the purpose of the conceptual framework is to use it for the study and to serve as a guide to upcoming researchers. The conceptual framework is based on extensive review of related literature in the area of thrift associations. It begins with exploring related theories and identified essential variables of thrift associations. The paper described some forms of thrift associations, major factors influencing thrifts as well as the basic elements that influence the effectiveness of thrift associations in the execution of self-help housing projects. The study concludes that, when necessary, questions are asked and the answers obtained are in the affirmative, such thrift associations would be suitable for self-help housing.
Copyright (c) 2024 Laraba Y. BABAS, Lura Yohanna NUHU, Yakubu Nehemiah SANDA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Assessment of Sustainable Design Strategies Applied in Selected Mixed-Use Facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria
The rapid urbanization in developing nations has intensified the need for sustainable mixed-use developments, particularly in megacities like Lagos, Nigeria. This study assessed the implementation of sustainable design strategies in selected mixed-use facilities in Lagos State, focusing on sustainable site development and energy efficiency measures. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable design implementations and identify factors influencing their adoption, examining two prominent case studies: Nestoil Towers and Kings Tower in Victoria Island. Using a qualitative research approach, the study employed structured observations, photographic documentation, and architectural documentation review to assess sustainable design features. The findings reveal varying levels of success in sustainability implementation, with energy efficiency measures achieving significantly higher scores (78-85%) compared to site sustainability measures (42-55%). Both facilities demonstrated strong performance in technological integration and innovative design solutions, achieving energy consumption reductions of 27-31%. However, challenges persist in site sustainability aspects, particularly in vegetation preservation and tree retention. These findings provide valuable insights for both new construction and existing building retrofits, informing strategies for enhancing sustainability in current structures through phased improvements, system upgrades, and adaptive reuse approaches. The study recommends enhanced focus on site sustainability measures, integrated design approaches for future developments, and systematic retrofit strategies for existing buildings to improve their environmental performance. These recommendations contribute to the broader agenda of sustainable urban development in developing nations.
Copyright (c) 2024 Akunnaya P. OPOKO, Korede JAMES, Vincent Onyedikachi ENE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Assessment of the Influence of Passive Cooling Strategies on Level of Thermal Comfort in Selected Office Buildings in Abuja, Nigeria
Buildings contribute significantly to global energy consumption, with cooling needs forming a substantial part of this demand. Passive cooling techniques present an energy-efficient alternative, promoting occupant comfort while reducing energy costs. This study analyzed the influence of passive cooling strategies on thermal comfort within office buildings in Abuja, Nigeria. Specifically, it evaluated current practices, analyzed implementation patterns, and provided recommendations for improved adoption. A quantitative research approach was employed, involving data collection through questionnaires distributed to 73 participants across three office buildings, with a response rate of 90%. The data, analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, revealed that most respondents (69.7%) reported discomfort. Regression analysis identified 15 significant factors affecting thermal comfort, including operable windows, courtyards, and window-to-wall area ratios, which had positive effects, while factors such as external insulation and vertical air shafts negatively impacted comfort. These findings offer insights into designing more sustainable and energy-efficient office environments, ultimately enhancing occupant well-being and productivity.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adedapo A. OLUWATAYO, Miracle D. NDUKA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Tensile Properties of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polyester Composite
The increasing awareness on the relevant of protecting the environment and the demand for sustainable structures have motivated researchers to develop new bio-based composites that can minimize the harmful effect to the environment. Thus, this study highlights the effects of fiber orientation on the tensile properties of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) reinforced with unidirectional (UD) continuous kenaf fiber. To this end, the kenaf fiber reinforced polyester composite was fabricated in a unidirectional orientation with fiber volume fraction of 40%. Consequently, the kenaf fiber reinforced polyester composite was subjected to tensile tests in the longitudinal (0°) fiber orientation, transverse (90°) fiber orientation and diagonal (45°) fiber orientation. Also, the plain polyester matrix tensile test was considered and used as reference point. The result of tests showed that the tensile stiffness for 0o and 90o fiber orientation is 21257.80 MPa and 2864.45 MPa, while the tensile strength are 179.30 MPa and 11.84 MPa respectively. Also, the 45° tensile stiffness and 45° tensile strength are 1736.83 MPa and 10.77 MPa respectively. The results demonstrated that the composites with 0o fiber orientation had the best mechanical performance, followed by those with 90o and 45o fiber orientations respectively. Hence, this current improvement in performance of UD KFRP composite at 0o fiber orientation may potentially replace conventional synthetic fibers, especially for structural applications.
Copyright (c) 2024 Adole Michael ADOLE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the Environmental Impact and Awareness of Solid Waste Disposal in Jos Urban Area, Plateau State, Nigeria
Rapid development and population growth have led to a surge in waste generation. Noncompliance with best practices for environmental waste disposal has led to escalating environmental impacts; however, this practice has drastic public health risks in the Jos urban area. Purposive sampling was used in selecting the study areas. Random sampling method was used in selecting 600 respondents. One hundred questionnaires were administered to each of the six settlements selected. Both descriptive and five-point Likert statistics were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that females are more engaged in environmental management than their male counterparts. There is inadequate awareness and education about waste disposal among respondents, distance to the point of disposal and inadequate disposal facilities are major factors influencing proper waste disposal. In addition, the findings indicated that respondents are knowledgeable that poor solid waste disposal creates a dirty environment thus, leads to pest infestations and spread diseases among communities. The results showed that respondents are aware that bad and offensive odors pollute the environment hence affect their health. It is recommended that communities should be educated on proper waste disposal and its health impact. Environmental monitoring by Ministries of Health and the Environment should be conducted for physicochemical analysis of underground- water which are closer to solid waste disposal sites to detect evidence of contamination. Monthly sanitation exercise should be reintroduced. Adequate containers within communities at short intervals should be provided.
Copyright (c) 2024 Solomon Z. WUYEP, Selzing P. MUSA, Edward Y. BIOLTIF, Larai BEKA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Peak-Period Thermal Conditions of Large Places of Worship in Ahmadu Bello University Main Campus Zaria, Nigeria
One of the most gruelling challenges for the users of places of worship in the tropical hot regions is the extreme thermal discomfort during the peak activity periods. This study investigated the thermal comfort conditions of mosques and churches of ABU Zaria main campus. To fully understand the occupants’ experience, the study applied an empirical field observations method to obtain primary data that was subsequently subjected to comparative analysis against the stipulated comfort zones for the location from a set of validated thermal comfort standards. The results show that the combined impact of air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed provided a comprehensive deduction that thermal comfort is such a great challenge to attain in the places of worship throughout the survey period. The average cases of temperature profile on a typical day of the hottest week recorded a temperature difference of +2.85 °C from the outdoor temperature in the ITN mosque, which is the highest record, while the lowest was +2.15°C on ABU Chapel. Worse cases were observed to be +4.50 °C in the hottest moments during Friday prayer in the ITN Mosque and +4.10 °C during the Sunday mass in OLQPP chapel. The study concludes that the design of crowded worship spaces requires a holistic approach of balancing the comfort indices with adequate natural ventilation and supplementary augmentation with mechanical systems.
Copyright (c) 2024 Murtala Muhammad SALIHU, Abdullahi USMAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Contributing to Construction Disputes in Nigerian Public Universities
There is increase in the volume of intervention for construction projects in Nigerian public Universities to provide adequate infrastructures to support the development of the education sector. The implementation of these projects is being affected by the disputes arising among the participants of the construction process. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that contribute to the occurrence of disputes affecting successful delivery of construction projects within the public Universities in Nigeria. This study used quantitative research method. Questionnaire was designed to obtain relevant data from professionals that are directly working to implement construction projects within the public Universities in the region. 110 respondents from 14 public Universities in North Central Region of Nigeria participated in the study. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS 20 version to determine the mean and standard deviation. Poor cost management and communication, changes in the economic situation, delay issue and unrealistic tender pricing are the four main factors from the four project categories that contributed to construction disputes in the public Universities in Nigeria. The factors identified should serve as a guide to the participants involve in the implementation of construction projects in public Universities.
Copyright (c) 2024 Afeez Olalekan SANNI, Wasiu Adeniran BELLO, Emmanuel Tayo ADU, Solomon Michael Ojo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Literacy and Solid Waste Management in the Jos Metropolis, Nigeria
The need to understand environmental systems, connections, patterns and root causes and evolve practicable solutions to environmental degradation has brought to the fore the relevance of environmental education and literacy in environmental management. Yet, the systematic study of the level of environmental education and literacy among urban dwellers in Nigeria is minimal. This study, therefore, examines the use of environmental education and literacy for solid waste management in Jos, Nigeria. Using a stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 1200 respondents was drawn from the three local government areas that formed the Jos Metropolis for questionnaire survey. Survey questionnaire elicited information on socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents, the level of awareness, knowledge, understanding, attitude and skills in solid waste management practices and factors responsible for such practices. Percentages, mean and mode were used to summarize the data. Results revealed a yawning gap between environmental knowledge and practice as over 70.0% of respondents claimed awareness of the environment but only 65.9% claimed to be knowledgeable about the environment while only 30.0% had translated the awareness, knowledge and skills into concrete solid waste management practices. Furthermore, variations in the applications of the environmental education in solid waste management across the three LGAs were observed. It is, therefore, important that future environmental education focuses on translating knowledge into action in order to achieve the goal of environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2024 Elijah A. AKINTUNDE, Bolanle WAHAB, Babatunde S. AGBOLA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Sustainable Maintenance Management Strategies on Lifespan of Buildings: A Scoping Review
The built environment significantly contributes to global energy consumption and carbon emissions. Sustainable maintenance management strategies have emerged as a crucial approach to extending building lifespans while minimizing environmental impact. However, the relationship between these strategies and building longevity remains underexplored in the literature. This scoping review aims to synthesize and analyze the current body of knowledge on sustainable maintenance management strategies and their influence on building lifespans. The study seeks to identify key strategies, evaluate their effectiveness, and explore the challenges and opportunities in their implementation. A comprehensive search strategy was employed across multiple databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore, to identify relevant peer-reviewed articles published between 2010 and 2024. The PRISMA-ScR guidelines were followed for the review process. Data were extracted using a standardized form and synthesized using a narrative approach. A total of 127 studies met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. The findings reveal four primary categories of sustainable maintenance strategies: preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance, condition-based maintenance, and reliability-centered maintenance. These strategies were found to significantly impact building lifespan through extended structural integrity, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced indoor environmental quality. The integration of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence has shown promise in optimizing maintenance processes. Economic analyses demonstrate the long-term cost-effectiveness of sustainable strategies, despite higher initial investments. However, challenges in implementation, including lack of expertise, initial cost barriers, and organizational resistance, were identified. The study highlights the need for more empirical research on long-term outcomes and the integration of emerging technologies in sustainable building maintenance.
Copyright (c) 2024 Henry Ojobo, Kasham Jummai SHAMANG, Aminat Idowu IBIYEYE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review on Green Landscape Elements in the Urban Thermal Environment
Recent expansion of the urban populace has given rise to an increase in impermeable surfaces, such as roads and constructed buildings, which hinder the passage of water which influence rise of air temperatures urban heat island which has a direct impact both indoors and outdoors, comfort and the overall health of the residents. This contribute to significant demand for artificial cooling in cities within tropical climates, which in turn leads to higher levels of carbon emissions. Consequently, scholars are now focusing their attention on improving the microclimate within urban areas and reducing the effects of the urban heat. This systematic review is focused on delivering a comprehensive evaluation of the interventions implemented through the utilization of green landscape elements within the urban thermal environment in tropical climatic areas. A thorough analysis of vegetation's role in regulating air temperature is presented, along with suggestions for maintaining urban people's thermal comfort. When vegetation is used effectively in tropical cities, air temperatures can be lowered by up to 4°C with green roofs, 9°C with trees, and 12°C with vertical greening systems. Urban greeneries must be implemented for communities and cities to become sustainable through the ideal fusion of green landscape components. Additionally, the current study will benefit architects and urban planners who are implementing similar green landscape interventions to enhance thermal comfort, reduce carbon emissions, and ultimately improve productivity and wellbeing of residents.
Copyright (c) 2024 Henry Ojobo, Pontip Nimlyat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adoption of Energy Efficiency Strategies and Challenges in The Design of High-Rise Commercial Buildings in Lagos, Nigeria
The rapid urbanization in Lagos, Nigeria, has led to increased energy consumption in high-rise commercial buildings, necessitating the adoption of energy-efficient strategies. This study aims to assess the adoption levels of energy efficiency strategies by architects in Lagos and identify challenges hindering widespread implementation. The research objectives include identifying applicable energy efficiency strategies, assessing current adoption levels, and analyzing barriers to adoption. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire distributed to 75 architects selected through stratified random sampling. Key findings reveal high adoption of passive design strategies and natural ventilation techniques, with solar energy dominating renewable sources. Smart technology adoption varies, while client budget constraints emerge as the primary barrier. The study concludes that while architects demonstrate awareness of energy efficiency principles, practical implementation faces challenges. Recommendations include targeted training programs, policy interventions, innovative financing mechanisms, and client education. This research contributes to the understanding of energy efficiency adoption in developing urban contexts, offering insights for policymakers, educators, and practitioners to promote sustainable building practices in Lagos and similar environments.
Copyright (c) 2024 Isidore Chukwunweike EZEMA, Somtochukwu Azuka MAHA , Vincent Onyedikachi ENE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Security within Residential Neighborhoods in Jos, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria
The current wave of insecurity in Nigeria has become a serious challenge within residential neighborhoods in many cities. This paper assess the security challenges within residential neighborhoods in Jos, with the view to suggesting measures for enhancing security for optimum comfort and livability of residents. Data for the study were obtained using questionnaire while mean score used for the analysis. Factors responsible for insecurity were progressive decline in quality of governance leading to high unemployment and widespread hardship, religious extremism and inadequate enforcement of laws for combating crime and religious extremism. Theft and burglary, vandalism and armed robbery were the main forms of insecurity identified. The impact of insecurity increase in household budget in search for alternative security, loss of man-hour due to shorten working hours as a result of fear; loss of limbs and lives of family members. The study suggested entrenching good governance that provides basic necessities of life, installation of modern security gadgets in addition to presence of armed security, inculcating religious tolerance among the adherents of the major religions and strong judiciary that upholds the rule of law for punishing crime as measures by punishing crime as measures for combating insecurity within the study area.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yakubu N. SANDA, Bitrus AYUBA, Aishatu A. MAZADU, Abdulganiyu O BELL, Abdulganiyu O BELL, Umar K. FARUK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid on Concrete Exposed to Magnesium Sulphate Environment
Concrete is negatively impacted by magnesium sulphate attack because it expands and cracks. The purpose of this research is to investigate how concrete's resistance to magnesium sulphate is affected by cashew nut shell liquid. The functional groups of the material were identified using FTIR, and the liquid's suitability as an admixture was also determined by analysing its physicochemical characteristics. A design mix of 1:2.11:3.58, was adopted for this study. The concrete samples were made with CNSL doses of 0%, 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.8% relative to the weight of cement. Concrete cubes with a 50 mm by 50 mm mould were cast, and they were left to cure in water for 28 and 90, days. Following 28 and 90 days of maturation in water, they were taken out, weighed, and then allowed to cure for 7, 21, 35, and 56 days in a 20% magnesium sulphate medium. The results of weight loss showed that for 28 days curing before exposure, CNSL concrete samples loss less weights than the control sample, with an optimum value of +0.51% at 1.2% dose of CNSL, at 35 days of curing age. The results of 90 days curing before exposure showed a gain in weights of all the sample, with an optimum value of -1.55%, at 1.8% dose of CNSL, at 7 days of exposure. The results of residual compressive strength showed that, at 28 days of curing before exposure in magnesium sulphate medium, control samples recorded a loss in compressive strength, likewise CNSL samples at 7- and 21-days curing; while CNSL samples at 35 and 56 days of curing age, obtained a gain in compressive strength. An optimum value of gain in compressive strength of -44.61% at 1.2% dose of CNSL at 35 days of exposure; and loss in compressive strength of +6.78% at 1.2% dose of CNSL at 35 days of exposure, for 28 and 90 days curing respectively. It can be inferred that, the CNSL influenced the mass loss/gain and residual compressive strength of concrete samples, hence better performance in the magnesium sulphate medium, when compared to the reference samples. This is attributed to the influence of anarchardic acid, cadol and cadanol interaction with Ca (OH)2 in cement in the course of hydration, which leads to the formation of insoluble calcium stearate, thereby improving the performance of the CNSL concrete samples in magnesium sulphate medium.
Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Danjuma Goh, Fredrick O. Job, Audu I. I. DAKAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Decision-Making Factors Influencing Project Performance in the Construction Industry in Uyo, Nigeria
Decision-making is a critical process in project management, yet many crucial decisions aimed at improving organizational standards, driving projects to successful completion, and enhancing performance are often neglected or ignored. As a result, the persistent challenges of poor project performance in terms of cost, time, and quality continue to prevail. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the construction-related factors influencing decision-making and identify key dimensions of decision-making to improve project performance within the Nigerian construction context. The study employed an exploratory survey using a structured questionnaire for data collection, involving 42 clients, 153 consultants, and 102 contractors in Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was utilized to select respondents for the survey. Mean score value, Kruskal-Wallis Test, and Factor analysis were adopted for data analysis. The study revealed that the primary decision-making factors influencing project performance in the construction industry include the financial capability of the client, availability of capital, client's priority on the proposed project, experience and intuition of project team members, and the extent of deployment of project management practices. Furthermore, the results identified four underlying dimensions of decision-making for improving project performance in the Nigerian construction industry: financial resources, project management best practices, risk management, and project characteristics. Implementing the recommendations outlined in this study can help stakeholders in the Nigerian construction industry enhance decision-making processes, mitigate risks, improve project performance, and ultimately achieve successful project delivery.
Copyright (c) 2024 Emmanuel Tayo ADU, Chicheta F. NISSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Issues in Cost Approach to Value in the Valuation of Income-Yielding Properties in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria
The cost approach to value stands as a crucial method in valuing income-yielding properties, yet various challenges can compromise its effectiveness, potentially leading to inaccuracies in property valuations. This study delves into the suitability of the cost approach for valuing income-yielding properties, with a specific focus on addressing issues related to the accuracy of cost data, depreciation estimation, and consideration of income potential, aiming to enhance the approach's reliability and accuracy. Data were gathered from Estate Surveyors and Valuers through a questionnaire, employing convenience sampling. The questionnaire, divided into three sections, utilized closed-ended questions on a 5-point Likert scale, with mean rating analysis applied to the data. The findings pinpoint challenges concerning data reliability, depreciation rates, and valuation guidelines. Strategies such as thorough property inspections, utilization of current cost data, market research, and regular updates emerged as key drivers for enhancing accuracy, transparency, and benefits for valuers. Addressing challenges within the cost approach not only improves accuracy and transparency but also positively impacts decision-making, market efficiency, and liquidity. Consequently, the study advocates for enhanced data collection, standardized guidelines, and professional training for Estate Surveyors and Valuers to bolster accuracy and transparency, thereby refining the cost approach method of valuation. In conclusion, this study underscores the importance of overcoming challenges inherent in the cost approach to establish a more robust and reliable property valuation system, ultimately benefiting stakeholders and the real estate market as a whole.
Copyright (c) 2024 Umar AUWAL, L. Yusuf GAMBO, Daniel RAYMOND https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Daylight Optimization to Leverage the Reduction in Energy Demand for Artificial Lighting in Indoor Sports Arena
Exploratory surveys on existing indoor sports halls reveal that their designs mostly neglect daylight to rely totally or partially on artificial light, forfeiting all the benefits of natural light. Natural lighting in indoor spaces has proven to be of several immense benefits to users and owners of these spaces. Several factors have been identified that affect the quality and quantity of daylight of an enclosed space, the most significant of them all is a window to floor ratio. The study is aimed at optimizing effective daylight in indoor sports halls by evaluating daylighting provision in some existing indoor sports halls in Nigeria, taking into consideration illuminance levels and uniformity indices. Descriptive analysis was carried out, which formed the basis upon which a Climatic Based Daylight Model was developed. Three distinct daylight schemes were modelled and analyzed, and the first scheme (combination of sidelight and top-light) has successfully and optimally harnessed daylight in an indoor sport hall. The scheme attained the minimum requirements for illuminance, vertical illuminance and uniformity index, which can be replicated in environments of similar climate.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sani Muhammad ALI, Abba Wada ABDULLAHI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Substance Abuse on Construction Sites in Jos, Nigeria
Substance abuse is a major problem particularly in the construction industry, owing to the strenuous nature of construction work. This study appraises the management of substance abuse with the view to develop strategies for addressing the menace among workers on construction sites in Jos. Questionnaire was used to obtain the data for the study. Mean Score was used in analysing the data. The study revealed that workers engage in drug abuse on site in order to increase their strength and decrease workplace induced stress. Common signs of workplace substance abuse were falling asleep at work often/appearing to be very tired at all times and prone to making mistakes at work. The main effects of substance abuse on the workers’ performance were impairment of employee's judgment and high rate of accidents. The study revealed that the most effective strategies for combating substance abuse among workers on construction sites were providing trainings to workers on helping with workplace addiction issues and support system-counseling for first time offence.
Copyright (c) 2024 Natalia A. ANIGBOGU, Yakubu Nehemiah SANDA, Rhibetnaan D. PANSHAK, Laraba Y. BABAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Energy Transition Policy, Efficiency and Implementation Strategies in the Nigerian Built Environment
Renewable Energy as a clean energy source has over the years been neglected in the energy consumption and distribution apparatus of the Nigerian Energy sector. In most metropolitan areas in Nigeria, office buildings consume a lot of energy during their life cycle especially where they are concentrated due to the economic values and employment opportunities they offer the citizenry, as most of the energy used by them is generated from fossil based fuels. In spite of the myriads of high-sounding Renewable energy policies and associated technologies propagated in Nigeria, up till now, the implementation of clean energy sources is still currently slow in implementation. The study aimed at identifying the current gaps existing in the energy policy-efficiency and its implementation strategies in the building construction sector; in order to improve the decision making process geared towards effective implementation. The methodology employed qualitative-content analysis on the secondary data from the reviewed literature from forty-four (n=44) relevant articles sourced from Google Scholar, Semantics, and Scopus. The findings identified the successes and failures of the programs and policies targeted at Renewable Energy and its Efficiency studies over the years. The approach was geared towards a steady transition in implementing Renewable Energy and clean energy efficiency resources in the Nigerian building construction landscape. The results revealed that there is currently a slow transition towards the adoption of renewable energy sources as a method of clean energy and energy efficient means of power generation and use in the global space of the Nigerian context and policy makers should implement favorable measures towards checking this current anomaly. This study suggested further investigations on the latent factors that posed barriers between energy policy decision making process and implementation strategies in the Nigerian energy sector vis-à-vis its subsidiaries.
Copyright (c) 2024 Emokpae Murphy EREBOR, Funmilayo Mokunfayo ADEDIRE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Building Defects and Maintenance Needs in Transformed Kabuga Public Housing Estate Kano, Nigeria
As the ancient city of Kano grows and is being transformed to a cosmopolitan city, its peripheral housing estates over the years are constantly facing challenges of habitable built environment. The inability of government to meet up with the maintenance needs of these houses and provision of basic amenities has affected the standard and comfort ability of those estates’ streets and environs. The paper aimed at assessing building defects and the maintenance needs in transformed Kabuga public estate, Kano. Data for the study were obtained from field survey using questionnaire. The respondents were selected using simple random sampling. A total of hundred and sixty (160) structured questionnaires were administered. The data were analyzed using Mean Score and ranking model. Lack of preventive adequate maintenance plan and insufficient funds were the major factors influencing maintenance in the housing estate. The paper recommends needs for participatory and proactive measures by all stakeholders as a routine check will curb further proliferation of negative externalities in order to improve household satisfactorily and sustainable environment.
Copyright (c) 2024 Mathew Okopi UNAH, Ismael Muhammad KHALIL, Isyaku. Usman MAKERA, Sunday Amedu UNAH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Application of Green Design Strategies in Selected Shopping Malls in Southwest Nigeria
Green design is a design strategy that incorporates environmental consciousness into architecture. The research aimed at investigating the application of green design strategies in shopping malls in Southwest, Nigeria in order to understand how these strategies can be applied in the design of shopping malls. The study is limited to selected shopping malls in Southwest Nigeria. The study utilized a qualitative research methodology due to its appropriateness and subsequently incorporated it into the research approach. The purposive sampling technique was used for this study. The shopping malls that were built within the last 10 years are believed to have incorporated green building strategies as a result of the establishment of Green Building Council (GBC). Three shopping malls were randomly selected in Ogun and Lagos state. The study reveals that not all the green design strategies as indicated in the observation guide were considered in the design of the selected shopping malls. The study recommended that green design strategies such as provision of adequate vegetation on the site, and use of renewable energy strategies should be addressed throughout the design and planning stages of the shopping malls.
Copyright (c) 2024 Abraham Oluwakayode OWOSENI, Peace Adedolapo EKUNDAYO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Energy Efficiency Strategies of Public Libraries in Lagos, Nigeria
Public libraries are social institutions that provide free, undiscriminated access to a wide range of knowledge, information, and resources to the communities they serve. These inclusive spaces serve as key facilities to foster literacy, facilitate lifelong learning, and uphold sustainable communities. With heavy reliance on public budgets and a responsibility to promote environmental stewardship and sustainability, energy efficiency is crucial to public libraries to lower operational costs as well as serve as beacons for environmentally conscious design. Lagos, being the world's fastest-growing city, was selected for this study because its rapid urbanization emphasizes the need for energy-efficient building designs. This paper seeks to investigate the adoption of energy-efficiency strategies by Public Libraries in Lagos, Nigeria to understand how the various strategies can be applied in the design process. Data were collected through carefully crafted observation guides and analysed using content analysis and the findings show that cross ventilation, window shading and the use of bright colours are some of the strategies commonly adopted by the public libraries. The study also recommends the consideration for building orientation, the thermal envelope as well as the use of active strategies such as occupancy sensors and lighting controls for future developments in Nigeria. The study is limited to its geographical context, Lagos state, Nigeria. Therefore, due to the contextual requirements of energy-efficient design, some principles discussed in this study may not be applicable to other geographical contexts.
Copyright (c) 2024 Omoyeni Aderewa FULANI, Oluwapelumi Peace JOHNSON, Isidore C. EZEMA, Praise Ajibola AJANAKU https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plastic Wastes and Environmental Deterioration in Sabon Lahi Rusai Naraguta ‘B’, Ward, Jos Plateau State, Nigeria
Plastic waste has become a menace in our society with a lot of increasing challenges every day. This paper examined plastic wastes and environmental deterioration in Sabon Layi Rusai area of Naraguta ‘B’, ward Jos, Plateau State. The objectives are to examine the sources of plastic waste and to proffer strategies for solving the problem of environmental deterioration in study area. The methodology employed for this study was physical observation, oral interview and the review of related literature. Purposive random sampling technique was used to identify 40 houses under the study area. It is a good recommended sample size because it reflects the population of the study. The study revealed that indiscriminate disposal of wastes from plastics and plastic products cause hazardous negative impact on the environment, such as air pollution from burnt plastics, sewage system blockage leading to flooding, and aesthetic defacement of the built environment. The study therefore recommends that sufficient awareness programmes on the dangers of plastic in the environment be organized; improvement in proper plastic waste collection, treatment and disposal, among others.
Copyright (c) 2024 Joseph Dalyop AUDU, Emmamoge OREWERE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Water Permeability Properties of Concrete Containing Waste High Density Polyethylene
Incorporation of waste materials such as plastics into concrete has become one of the most common techniques of sustainable waste disposal while enhancing concrete quality. This study aims to evaluate the permeability properties of concrete containing High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) that has been pulverised and chemically treated with 20% hydrogen peroxide before being used as an admixture in concrete. Concrete cubes were prepared using 150mm3 steel moulds adopting the Building Research Establishment (BRE) mix design method. The pulverised and treated HDPE was added in percentages of (0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1%) by weight of cement. A superplasticiser (Hydroplast-500) was used and water/cement ratios of 0.4 and 0.36 were adopted for requisite workability respectively for grades 25 and 50 concretes. After 7, 28 and 90 days of curing in water, the concrete cubes were removed, dried and tested for permeability. Results obtained show that inclusion of pulverised HDPE to concrete significantly reduced permeability of the modified concrete up to 62% with 1% HDPE. The study recommends the use of 1% HDPE by weight of cement for the production of impermeable concrete for building and civil engineering infrastructure, while reducing environmental pollution.
Copyright (c) 2024 Iorwuese ANUM, Adole Michael ADOLE, Umar ABDULLAHI, Fredrick Olorunmeye JOB https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Environment on Healing Process in Women’s Hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria : Medical Practitioners’ Perspective
This research investigated the effect of healing environments on patient health outcomes in Women hospitals in Lagos State, Nigeria. It focused on the viewpoints of healthcare practitioners, who play an important role in aiding the healing process to uncover key design elements that improve patient health outcomes. It employed semi-structured interviews with 20 out of estimated study the population of 96 medical practitioners in the six (6) women hospitals, and observation in the investigation. Data were analyzed based on themes and statistical software (SPSS26) for descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that majority of medical practitioners in the hospitals were highly educated females. The buildings which were of diverse configurations, were of two-to-five (2-5) floors Commissioned in the years 1990-2021. Eight elements of the surrounding environment identified by health practitioners that have a positive effect on patients are, a clean surrounding; colours used in hospital; ventilation and quality of the air present; natural and artificial lighting; paintings and decorations; a view of natural elements and interaction with the outdoor; privacy and spatial organization. It further revealed very high-level effect of the identified environmental elements on patients’ healing process in the study area. The paper recommended implementation or improvement (as applicable to each health facility) of identified environmental elements influencing healing process of patients to highest standards in the study area.
Copyright (c) 2024 Olatunde Daniel BABALOLA, Eruemuvoke Philippa SEFIA, Balami ZAPPA, Oluwaseyi Ayotomiwa MOBOLAJI-SANNI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of Valuation Reports among Nigerian Valuers and Compliance with Valuation Standards
Valuation has been the subject of scrutiny in recent times by property professionals and investors seeing the strategic relevance of valuation as surrogate for market price and tool for investment decision. The study aimed at investigating the quality of valuation reports among Nigerian valuers with a view to improving standard of valuation practice in the country. The paper adopted mixed method approach by administering questionnaires to estate surveying and valuation firms in Abuja, Lagos and Port Harcourt as the most active property markets in Nigeria. Valuation reports were retrieved from valuation firms in the study areas. The data obtained from questionnaires were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; while the retrieved valuation reports were analyzed using content analysis. The study revealed that significant number of valuers do not comply with the provision of minimum reporting content of the Valuation Standards and often interchange the purpose of valuation with basis of valuation. The paper recommended among other things that the professional regulatory body should establish quality control unit to monitor the extent of compliance with valuation standards. Valuers should be trained and retrained through mandatory continuous professional development programmes by the regulatory authorities on valuation reporting.
Copyright (c) 2024 Yusuf L. GAMBO, Hannatu L. DATUKUN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0