Diseases, epidemics, and healthcare provisioning are intrinsic attributes of human society since prehistoric times. Human beings and societies have had to deal with various diseases (including infectious ailments) that adversely affect human socialization and development by devising ways to forestall, treat, or prevent the relapse or escalation of such diseases. In post-colonial Nigeria, infectious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis posed serious health threats to national development. The Federal Ministry of Health posits that by 2017, there were 418,000 tuberculosis cases in Nigeria. The figure rose to 429,000 in 2018. By 2020, Nigeria had the 6th highest TB burden globally. Although there have been efforts to curtail its endemic prevalence, particularly in Taraba State, which is the focus of this study, the challenge persists. There has been a dearth of historical scholarship on this subject aimed at understanding the historical dynamics of the treatment and management of infectious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis in Taraba State. This study examines the manifestation of colonial legacies in the post-colonial dynamics for the prevention and control of leprosy and tuberculosis and the development of public health institutions in Taraba State, Nigeria, from 1900 to 2025. The study primarily adopts the historical methodology, employing primary sources such as oral interviews, official documents, and archival data, as well as secondary sources such as published books and scholarly journals. The study reveals that Christian missionary efforts, government healthcare initiatives, and local adaptations intersected to shape healthcare access, infectious disease control, and the training of indigenous health personnel during the colonial period. Further, the study reveals that the colonial legacy and semblances of the colonial era significantly influence the management and control of infectious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis in the contemporary period in Taraba State, although contemporary challenges such as infrastructure, corruption, and funding have worsened the conditions of the health facilities responsible for controlling such diseases. The study recommends that the positive legacies of the colonial infectious disease control, such as the establishment of health centres, should be prioritised, and the negative legacies should be jettisoned
