This paper acknowledges that previous scholarship has largely focused on the motif of slavery within the narratives of Hagar and Israel; however, there has been a notable lacuna of intertextual analysis that examines these accounts in tandem to elucidate the presence and agency of the divine voice amid contexts of dehumanization and marginalization. Through a scrupulous intertextual analysis of the narratives of Hagar in Genesis and Israel in Exodus, by examining the shared motifs of slavery, wilderness experiences, and divine intervention, this paper demonstrates God's unequivocal disapproval of marginalization and maltreatment. The narrative of Hagar, an Egyptian
slave in the household of Abraham, serves as a prototype for the experience of Israel in the household of Pharaoh. This study highlights the intentional intertextuality between the two narratives, demonstrating how the text of Hagar in Genesis shapes the Israelite experience in Exodus. Through this intertextual lens, the study reveals a nuanced understanding of God's character, emphasizing His commitment to justice and compassion for all individuals. This research reveals a consistent characterization of God as א ֳר ל ֵ֣ א (God who sees), who actively intervenes on behalf of the oppressed, regardless of their nationality, ethnicity, tribe, or identity. Finally, the researcher encourages further exploration of intertextual relationships in the Pentateuchal narratives because such approaches offer new perspectives to understand the literary artistry of the Old Testament.
